پٹیالہ گھرانا (خیال)

पटियाला घराना (ख़याल)

Vocal Gharana Patiala, Punjab Late 19th century

Founded By

بڑے فتح علی، علی بخش خان

پٹیالہ گھرانا ہندوستانی کلاسیکی گلوکاری کا ایک گھرانا ہے، جو سب سے زیادہ خیال کے لیے جانا جاتا ہے، جس کا نام پنجاب کی دیسی ریاست پٹیالہ سے آیا ہے اور جو انیسویں صدی کے آخر میں درباری سرپرستی میں پروان چڑھا۔ سہاپیڈیا پر ادت شنکر کی تاریخ اس کی جڑیں مہاراجا کرم سنگھ (دورِ حکومت 1813-1845) تک لے جاتی ہے، جنہوں نے دتے خان کو درباری موسیقار مقرر کیا۔

زیادہ تر بیانات دو گلوکاروں کو بانی مانتے ہیں: علی بخش ‘جرنیل’، جن کا نام Ali Bakhsh بھی لکھا جاتا ہے، اور فتح علی ‘کرنیل’، جو جوڑی میں گاتے تھے اور علیا-فتو کے نام سے یاد کیے جاتے ہیں۔ شنکر اس کے بجائے دتے خان کے بیٹے اور تان رس خان کے شاگرد کلو خان کو بانی بتاتے ہیں اور علی بخش کو ان کا بیٹا۔ وہ لکھتے ہیں کہ بعض بیانات میں فتح علی علی بخش کے دوست ہیں اور بعض میں ان کے رشتے کے بھائی، اور یہ کہ دونوں نے جے پور کی گلوکارہ گوکی بائی سے سیکھا۔ یولن میگزین میں ماہرِ موسیقی شہباز علی کے حوالے کے مطابق گوکی بائی نے دونوں کو دہلی پہنچنے میں مدد دی، جہاں انہوں نے بہادر شاہ ظفر کے درباری گلوکار تان رس خان سے تربیت پائی۔ روایت انہیں جرنیل اور کرنیل کے خطاب دیتی ہے، شنکر کے بیان میں ایک وائسرائے کی طرف سے، اور یولن میگزین میں ہارون شعیب کے 2020 کے مضمون میں مہاراجا پٹیالہ کی طرف سے۔

پٹیالہ کی گائکی دہلی، گوالیار اور جے پور کے پرانے گھرانوں سے استفادہ کرتی ہے۔ پنجابی لوک موسیقی نے، اور سب سے بڑھ کر ٹپے نے، اس کی تانوں اور اس کی ٹھمری کو ڈھالا۔ اس کے گلوکار تیز اور رواں تانیں اور پیچیدہ لے کاری، یعنی لے کا کھیل، پسند کرتے ہیں، اور سینے سے گاتے ہیں، ناف سے اٹھنے والی سانس سے تانوں کو قوت دیتے ہیں۔ ذخیرے میں خیال کے ساتھ ٹھمری اور دادرا بھی ہیں، اور پاکستانی سلسلہ غزل بھی گاتا ہے۔

علی بخش کے بیٹے اختر حسین خان نے اپنے بیٹوں امانت علی خان اور بڑے فتح علی خان کو تربیت دی، جو تقسیم کے بعد پاکستان چلے گئے اور 1949 میں کلکتہ کی آل بنگال میوزک کانفرنس میں نمایاں ہوئے۔ بڑے غلام علی خان، ان کے بھائی برکت علی خان اور ان کے بیٹے منور علی خان کا قصور کا سلسلہ ایک دوسرا دھارا ہے، جو قصور-پٹیالہ یا پٹیالہ-قصور گھرانا کہلاتا ہے۔ بڑے غلام علی خان نے اپنے چچا یا ماموں کالے خان اور اپنے والد، قصور کے علی بخش خان، سے تربیت پائی، جو بانی سے الگ شخص تھے۔ وہ سب رنگ کے تخلص سے بندشیں بناتے تھے، اور 1962 میں انہیں پدم بھوشن اور سنگیت ناٹک اکادمی ایوارڈ ملے۔ مؤرخ رادھا کپوریا کے مطابق ان کی ہندوستان منتقلی 1957 میں ہوئی۔ منور علی خان نے آئی ٹی سی سنگیت ریسرچ اکیڈمی کے پہلے اسکالر اجے چکرورتی کو سکھایا، جنہوں نے اپنی بیٹی کوشکی چکرورتی کو تربیت دی۔

اہم فنکار

  • علی بخش ‘جرنیل’، شریک بانی اور پٹیالہ کے درباری گلوکار، انیسویں صدی کا آخر
  • فتح علی ‘کرنیل’، شریک بانی اور علی بخش کے جوڑی دار، انیسویں صدی کا آخر
  • اختر حسین خان، علی بخش کے بیٹے، پٹیالہ کی سرپرستی میں گلوکار اور اپنے بیٹوں کے گرو
  • امانت علی خان، علی بخش کے پوتے، پاکستان میں گلوکار، وفات 1974
  • بڑے فتح علی خان، علی بخش کے پوتے، پیدائش 1934 یا 1935، وفات 2017
  • بڑے غلام علی خان، قصور کا سلسلہ، 1902-1968
  • منور علی خان، بڑے غلام علی خان کے بیٹے اور اجے چکرورتی کے گرو
  • اجے چکرورتی، منور علی خان کے شاگرد، پیدائش 1952

ماخذ

  • Adit Shankar, The Patiala Gharana: Ballads Beyond Borders, Sahapedia
  • Meenakshi Vashisth, The Phulkian Narrative, Sahapedia
  • Haroon Shuaib, Patiala Gharana: Music Through Generations, Youlin Magazine (2020)
  • Peerzada Salman اور Shoaib Ahmed، فتح علی خان پر تعزیتی مضمون، Dawn (2017)
  • Radha Kapuria, How Partition impacted musical legacies in India and Pakistan, The Tribune (2022)
  • ITC Sangeet Research Academy، اسکالرز کی سوانح

Origins & History

Adit Shankar traces the court line to Maharaja Karam Singh of Patiala, who reigned from 1813 to 1845 and appointed Ditte Khan as a court musician. Most accounts credit two singers as founders: Ali Baksh 'Jarnail' and Fateh Ali 'Karnail', a duo remembered as Aliya-Fattu. Shankar instead names Kallu Khan, son of Ditte Khan, as founder and treats the pair as the gharana's modern representatives. He calls Fateh Ali Ali Baksh's friend in some accounts and his cousin in others.

Both learned from Goki Bai, a Jaipur vocalist and student of Behram Khan. The musicologist Shahbaz Ali says she helped them reach Delhi, where they trained under Tanras Khan, court singer to Bahadur Shah Zafar. By tradition the pair received the titles Jarnail, general, and Karnail, colonel: from a viceroy in Shankar's telling, from the Maharaja of Patiala in Haroon Shuaib's. Meenakshi Vashisth names Maharajas Rajinder Singh and Bhupinder Singh as their patrons.

Partition divided the gharana. Ali Baksh's grandsons Amanat Ali Khan and Fateh Ali Khan moved to Pakistan, while Bade Ghulam Ali Khan of the Kasur line moved to India in 1957, the historian Radha Kapuria writes. Through his Calcutta disciples the gharana is now widely identified with Bengal.

"a convergence of the older gharanas of Delhi, Gwalior and Jaipur"

— Aditi Bhaskar

Features unique to Patiala gharana of Hindustani music, India Art Review (2021)

تاریخی ٹائم لائن

1813 to 1845

Ditte Khan at the Patiala court

Maharaja Karam Singh of Patiala appoints Ditte Khan as a court musician, the start of the court line behind the gharana in Adit Shankar's account.
Late 19th century

The gharana takes shape at court

Ali Baksh and Fateh Ali sing at the Patiala court, where, in Meenakshi Vashisth's account, Maharajas Rajinder Singh and Bhupinder Singh are their patrons, and the gharana develops under court patronage.
1902

Bade Ghulam Ali Khan is born

Bade Ghulam Ali Khan is born in Kasur on 2 April 1902. He trains under his uncle Kale Khan and his father Ali Baksh Khan of Kasur.
1949

The brothers in Calcutta

Amanat Ali Khan and Fateh Ali Khan, grandsons of Ali Baksh, come to wide notice at the All-Bengal Music Conference in Calcutta, four years after their Lahore debut.
1957

Bade Ghulam Ali Khan moves to India

Bade Ghulam Ali Khan moves to India, Radha Kapuria writes, while the court line of Ali Baksh's grandsons stays in Pakistan.
1962

Padma Bhushan for Bade Ghulam Ali Khan

Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, who composed under the pen name Sabrang, receives the Padma Bhushan and the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award.
1978

Ajoy Chakrabarty at ITC SRA

Ajoy Chakrabarty, disciple of Munawar Ali Khan, joins ITC Sangeet Research Academy in Calcutta as its first scholar.
2017

Death of Fateh Ali Khan

Fateh Ali Khan, grandson of Ali Baksh, dies in January 2017, aged 82. His brother and duo partner Amanat Ali Khan had died in 1974.

Lineage & Legacy

The guru-shishya tradition passed down through generations

Patiala khayal ran in two streams. The court line passed from Ali Baksh to his son Akhtar Hussain Khan, who trained his sons Amanat Ali Khan and Fateh Ali Khan; their younger brother Hamid Ali Khan sang with them. The Kasur line ran from Bade Ghulam Ali Khan to his brother Barkat Ali Khan and his son Munawar Ali Khan, who in turn taught Ajoy Chakrabarty in Calcutta.

The early court line

Kallu Khan

19th century

Court musician, named as founder by Adit Shankar

Son of Ditte Khan, whom Maharaja Karam Singh appointed. Adit Shankar names him as founder of the gharana and makes Ali Baksh his son.
Guru-Shishya Tradition

The founders

Ali Baksh 'Jarnail'

Late 19th century

Co-founder

Most often credited as founder, with Fateh Ali, and a singer at the Patiala court. He trained with Goki Bai and, by Shahbaz Ali's account, with Tanras Khan in Delhi.

Fateh Ali 'Karnail'

Late 19th century

Co-founder

Ali Baksh's partner in the duo Aliya-Fattu, his friend or his cousin depending on the account. The title Karnail, colonel, matched his partner's Jarnail.
Guru-Shishya Tradition

The court line

Akhtar Hussain Khan

Singer and teacher

Son of Ali Baksh and a vocalist under Patiala patronage. He trained his sons Amanat Ali Khan and Fateh Ali Khan, who carried the court line into Pakistan.

Amanat Ali Khan

Died 1974

Singer

Grandson of Ali Baksh, who sang in a duo with his brother Fateh Ali Khan. They made their stage debut in Lahore in 1945 and moved to Pakistan after Partition.

Fateh Ali Khan

1934 or 1935 to 2017

Singer

Grandson of Ali Baksh, also called Bade Fateh Ali Khan, born in Patiala. With his brother Amanat Ali Khan he came to wide notice at the All-Bengal Music Conference in Calcutta in 1949.

Hamid Ali Khan

Singer

Younger brother of Amanat Ali Khan and Fateh Ali Khan. He sang thumri, dadra and ghazal as well as khayal, and has given the family's account in interviews.
Guru-Shishya Tradition

The Kasur line

Bade Ghulam Ali Khan

1902-1968

Singer

Born in Kasur, he trained under his uncle Kale Khan and his father Ali Baksh Khan of Kasur, a different man from the founder. He moved to India in 1957.

Barkat Ali Khan

Singer

Younger brother of Bade Ghulam Ali Khan in the Kasur stream of Patiala khayal. Unlike his brother, who moved to India, he stayed in Pakistan after Partition.

Munawar Ali Khan

Singer and teacher

Son of Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, through whom the Kasur line reached Calcutta. Ajoy Chakrabarty became his disciple.
Guru-Shishya Tradition

The Calcutta line

Ajoy Chakrabarty

Born 1952

Singer and guru

Born in Kolkata, a disciple of Munawar Ali Khan, and the first scholar of ITC Sangeet Research Academy, which he joined in 1978.

Kaushiki Chakraborty

Singer

Daughter of Ajoy Chakrabarty, trained by him as her guru while a scholar of ITC Sangeet Research Academy from 1992 to 2004.

Jagdish Prasad

Singer

Trained under Bade Ghulam Ali Khan of the Patiala gharana and later studied at ITC Sangeet Research Academy.

The gharana system is rooted in the guru-shishya (teacher-disciple) tradition, where musical knowledge and style are passed down through direct apprenticeship over three or more generations.

Key exponents

  • Ali Baksh 'Jarnail', co-founder and Patiala court singer, late 19th century
  • Fateh Ali 'Karnail', co-founder and duo partner of Ali Baksh, late 19th century
  • Akhtar Hussain Khan, son of Ali Baksh, teacher of his sons
  • Amanat Ali Khan, grandson of Ali Baksh, singer in Pakistan, died 1974
  • Fateh Ali Khan, grandson of Ali Baksh, 1934 or 1935 to 2017
  • Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Kasur line, 1902-1968
  • Munawar Ali Khan, son of Bade Ghulam Ali Khan
  • Ajoy Chakrabarty, born 1952, disciple of Munawar Ali Khan

موسیقی کی خصوصیات

Distinctive style, techniques, and aesthetic philosophy

Overall Style

Aditi Bhaskar describes Patiala singing as a convergence of the older Delhi, Gwalior and Jaipur gharanas, and Meenakshi Vashisth stresses its tie to Gwalior. Punjabi folk music, the tappa above all, shaped its taans and ornament. Its singers favour fast, fluid taans and complex layakari, rhythmic play, and the musicologist Shahbaz Ali says they sing from the chest.

Three older gharanas

The style draws on the older Delhi, Gwalior and Jaipur gharanas, with a foundational link to Gwalior. The founders' teachers came from Jaipur and Delhi.

Tappa in the taans

Punjabi folk song, and the tappa in particular, shaped Patiala taans and ornament, giving them the tappa's fast, compressed movement.

Fast taans, layakari

Patiala singers are known for fast, fluid and rhythmic taans and for layakari, the play of rhythm against the tala.

Breath from the navel

Singers sing from the chest or diaphragm, and drive their taans with breath from the navel more than from the throat.

Signature Repertoire

Khayal is the core, sung mostly in ektaal and teentaal. Hamid Ali Khan names Malkauns, Darbari, Adana, Des, Bhopali and Multani as ragas in which the gharana excels, and pentatonic ragas are often heard. Beyond khayal the gharana is known for thumri, with tappa, dadra and, in the Pakistani line especially, ghazal. Patiala thumri has its own page, the Patiala gharana of thumri.

Signature Ragas

Compare with Similar Gharanas

Understand how پٹیالہ گھرانا (خیال) differs from other traditions

Select a Gharana to Compare:

پٹیالہ گھرانا (خیال)
(Current)
رام پور-سہسوان گھرانا
(Comparing)
قِسم Vocal Vocal
ماخذ Patiala, Punjab Uttar Pradesh
Era Late 19th century Early 19th century
Style Aditi Bhaskar describes Patiala singing as a convergence of the older Delhi, Gwalior and Jaipur gharanas, and Meenakshi Vashisth stresses its tie to Gwalior. Punjabi folk music, the tappa above all, shaped its taans and ornament. Its singers favour fast, fluid taans and complex layakari, rhythmic play, and the musicologist Shahbaz Ali says they sing from the chest. KTP Radhika, writing in India Art Review in 2024, describes Rampur-Sahaswan singing as close to the Gwalior gharana, at medium-slow tempos with a resonant voice and intricate rhythmic play. Amal Das Sharma calls Nisar Hussain Khan a specialist in tarana, a vocal form sung to rhythmic syllables. Ghulam Mustafa Khan's own singing, in the same author's view, shows the influence of Amir Khan of the Kirana gharana.

Influence & Legacy

After Partition the gharana grew in two countries. In Pakistan the court line of Amanat Ali Khan and Fateh Ali Khan kept khayal and added ghazal. In India the Kasur line led the way: Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, who composed as Sabrang, taught his son Munawar Ali Khan, and Munawar Ali Khan's disciple Ajoy Chakrabarty became the first scholar of ITC Sangeet Research Academy. Through that Calcutta line the gharana is now widely identified with Bengal.

اکثر پوچھے جانے والے سوالات

What is the Patiala gharana of khayal?

The Patiala gharana is a school of Hindustani vocal music, best known for khayal, that developed at the Patiala court in Punjab in the late 19th century. It draws on the Delhi, Gwalior and Jaipur gharanas and on the Punjabi tappa, and is known for fast, fluid taans and layakari.

Who founded the Patiala gharana of khayal?

Ali Baksh 'Jarnail' and Fateh Ali 'Karnail', a 19th-century duo known as Aliya-Fattu, are most often credited as the founders. Adit Shankar instead names Kallu Khan, son of the court musician Ditte Khan, and treats Ali Baksh and Fateh Ali as the gharana's modern representatives.

Which musicians belong to the Patiala gharana of khayal today?

In India the gharana runs through Ajoy Chakrabarty, born in Kolkata in 1952 and a disciple of Munawar Ali Khan, and his daughter and pupil Kaushiki Chakraborty. Jagdish Prasad trained under Bade Ghulam Ali Khan. In Pakistan, Hamid Ali Khan is the younger brother of the court line's Amanat Ali Khan and Fateh Ali Khan.

How does the Patiala gharana of khayal differ from the Rampur-Sahaswan gharana?

Patiala singers take fast, compressed taans from the Punjabi tappa, while KTP Radhika, writing in India Art Review, describes Rampur-Sahaswan singing as close to the Gwalior gharana, at medium-slow tempos with a resonant voice. Both stress rhythmic play, and Patiala singers drive their taans with breath from the navel.

Who were Aliya-Fattu, and why were they called Jarnail and Karnail?

Aliya-Fattu were Ali Baksh and Fateh Ali, the 19th-century duo most often credited with founding the Patiala gharana. By tradition they received the titles Jarnail, general, and Karnail, colonel: from a viceroy in Adit Shankar's account, and from the Maharaja of Patiala in Haroon Shuaib's.

Is the Patiala gharana the same as the Kasur-Patiala gharana?

Kasur-Patiala, or Patiala-Kasur, is the name for the Kasur line of Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, his brother Barkat Ali Khan and his son Munawar Ali Khan. It is one of the two streams of Patiala khayal, beside the court line of Ali Baksh's family, and Radha Kapuria calls the Kasur lineage closely connected to the Patiala one.

Is Bade Fateh Ali Khan the founder of the Patiala gharana?

No. The co-founder was Fateh Ali 'Karnail', partner of Ali Baksh in the 19th century. Bade Fateh Ali Khan, born in Patiala in 1934 or 1935, was Ali Baksh's grandson and sang in a duo with his brother Amanat Ali Khan; he died in 2017.

How did Partition affect the Patiala gharana?

Partition split the gharana between India and Pakistan. Ali Baksh's grandsons Amanat Ali Khan and Fateh Ali Khan moved to Pakistan, while Bade Ghulam Ali Khan moved to India in 1957, by Radha Kapuria's dating. Through his Calcutta disciples, Adit Shankar writes, the gharana is now identified with Bengal.

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